Section outline

  • General

    Collapse all Expand all

    CLASSICAL STUDIES 242

    MAGIC IN THE ANCIENT GRECO-ROMAN WORLD

    Professor Radcliffe G. Edmonds III

    Office: Old Library 245

    Phone: 526-5046

    Old Library 224 – MW 2:30-4:00

    Office Hours: MWF 1:00-2:00 or by appointment

    redmonds@brynmawr.edu

     

    Required Texts:

    • ·      Apuleius, The Golden Ass (trans. Relihan) (also available in Tripod as Ebook)
    • ·      Betz, Hans D., The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation (PGM)
    • ·      Edmonds, Radcliffe, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the ancient Greco-Roman world (also in Tripod as Ebook)
    • ·      Gager, John G., Curse Tablets & Binding Spells from the Ancient World (also in Tripod as Ebook)
    • ·      Ogden, Daniel, Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts in Greek and Roman Worlds: A Sourcebook (also in Tripod as Ebook)

     

    Recommended Texts:

    • ·      Barton, Tamsyn, Ancient Astrology (also in Tripod as Ebook)
    • ·      Faraone & Obbink, Magika Hiera: Ancient Greek Magic & Religion (also in Tripod as Ebook)
    • ·      Frankfurter, David, Guide to the Study of Ancient Magic (also in Tripod as Ebook)
    • ·      Graf, Fritz, Magic in the Ancient World
    • ·      Iamblichus, On the Mysteries (trans. Clark, Dillon & Hershbell)
    • ·      Mauss, Marcel, A General Theory of Magic

     

    Course Description:

    Bindings and curses, love charms and healing potions, amulets and talismans - from the simple spells designed to meet the needs of the poor and desperate to the complex theurgies of the philosophers, the people of the Greco-Roman World made use of magic to try to influence the world around them.  In this course students will gain an understanding of the magicians of the ancient world and the techniques and devices they used to serve their clientele, as well as the cultural contexts in which these ideas of magic arose.  We shall consider ancient tablets and spell books as well as literary descriptions of magic in the light of theories relating to the religious, political, and social contexts in which magic was used. 

     

    Course Requirements:

    Class participation:

                Participation, of course, includes attendance, since you cannot participate if you are not in class.  If, for some reason, you cannot attend class, please inform me in advance.  Each student should be prepared to discuss and answer questions on the material covered in the lesson for the week.  Coming prepared with questions on the material is even better than coming with answers to the basics.  If, for some reason, you cannot prepare for class, please attend anyway – you will be better prepared for the next class.

                Monday classes will be primarily lecture, with some discussion of the general issues raised in the secondary readings.  On Wednesday, the class will discuss the primary and secondary readings in greater detail.  Several students will be selected to lead off the discussion for each class, but every student should be prepared to contribute to the discussion.  Those whose names are drawn from the Hat of Fate should post their questions on Moodle at least 24 hours before class on Wednesday.  Anyone else may also gain extra credit for participation by posting questions or comments on Moodle. All readings not in the required textbooks will be available online in the Moodle site for this class. 

    Written Assignments: 

                There will be two short written assignments designed for the students to demonstrate their understanding of specific materials covered in class.  These projects may require some out of class research in addition to the readings assigned for the class. 

                The first of these assignments will require you to take the examples we have looked at in class and analyze them for their essential features – logical structure, common patterns of formulation, etc.  You will then have to synthesize these features into a composite that illustrates the features of, e.g., a love spell or a curse, and discuss why what you have put together corresponds with the ancient evidence. 

                The second assignment will involve divination, specifically astrology.  You will have to read a chart on the basis of the excerpts from the ancient manuals in the readings and then decide how to advise a client in a specific situation.  The task is to show your mastery not just of the technical details but, even more importantly, of the social dynamics that underlie divination in the ancient world.

    Examinations:

                There will be take-home Midterm and Final Examinations for this class.  Each of these examinations will require students to apply the analyses and definitions discussed throughout the course to primary materials. These open book essay exams will ask you to analyze ancient materials that we haven't studied in class in the same way we have been analyzing materials in class, looking at the context – what, who, why, where, how – and connections with other texts we have studied. 

    Bryn Mawr College is committed to providing equal access to students with a documented disability. Students needing academic accommodations for a disability must first speak with Access Services. Students can email accessservices@brynmawr.edu to request an appointment to begin this confidential process. If eligible for accommodations as per Access Services, students should schedule an appointment with the professor as early in the semester as possible to share their verification form and make appropriate arrangements. Please note that accommodations are not retroactive and require advance notice to implement. Any student who has a disability-related need to record this class must first be found eligible to do so by Access Services and must share this eligibility with me, the instructor. Class members need to be aware that this class may be recorded.  More information can be obtained at the Access Services website. (http://www.brynmawr.edu/access-services/)

    Grade Distribution:

    • Class Participation                   30%
    • Written Assignments               30%
    • Midterm Exam                        15%
    • Final Exam                              25%

  • Topic 1

    Readings:

    ·      Apuleius, Metamorphoses (esp. ch. 1-3, 9-10)

  • Topic 2

    Topics:

    ·      course introduction

    ·      definition of magic

    ·      magic vs. religion, magic vs. science

    ·      instrumental and symbolic action

    ·      ancient contexts of magic

     

    Readings:

    ·      Apuleius, Metamorphoses (esp. ch. 1-3, 9-10)

     

  • Topic 3

    Topics:

    ·      societies of the ancient Mediterranean world

    ·      magic and mystery – the lure of magic

    ·      types of magic

     

    Readings:

    ·      Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon, ch. 1-2

    ·      Gager, Introduction, ch. 8

    ·      Apuleius, Metamorphoses (esp. ch. 1-3, 9-10)

     

    Supplementary Readings

    ·      Bremmer, Birth of the Term 'Magic'

    ·      Frazer, Sympathetic Magic

    ·      Gordon, Imagining Greek and Roman Magic

    ·      Mauss, General Theory of Magic, pp. 44-90

    ·      Phillips, In Search of the Occult

    ·      Smith, Here, There, and Anywhere

    ·      Smith, Trading Places

    ·      Tambiah, Form and Meaning of Magical Acts

    ·      Versnel, Some Reflections on the Relationship

  • Topic 4

    Topics:

    ·      competition and cursing

    ·      athletic contexts

    ·      legal contexts

    ·      binding and harming

     

    Readings:

    ·      Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon, ch. 3

    ·      Gager, ch. 1, 3-6 (esp. # 3, 5, 44, 53, 88, 89, 117)

    ·      PGM V 304-69, VII 396-404, VII 423-28, VII 429-58, X 36-50

    ·      Ogden 14, 168-196, 236, 247

     

    Supplementary Readings:

    ·      Eidinow, Binding Spells on Tablets and Papyri

    ·      Faraone, The Agonistic Context of Early Greek Binding Spells - Magika Hiera ch. 1

    ·      Lamont, In Blood and Ashes: Curse Tablets and Binding Spells

    ·      Gordon, What's in a List?

    ·      Strubbe, Cursed be he that moves my bones - Magika Hiera ch. 2

    ·      Versnel, Beyond Cursing - Magika Hiera ch. 3

    ·      Versnel, Punish Those Who Rejoice in Our Misery

    ·      PGM VII 390-3, VII 394-5, VII 417-22, IX 1-14, XXXVI 1-34, XXXVI 35-68, XXXVI 231-55, and LVIII

     

    Defixio Assignment due at noon Monday, February 17

     

  • Topic 5

    Topics:

    ·      gender and sex

    ·      male vs. female subjects and objects in erotic spells

    ·      sex and violence

     

    Readings:

    ·      Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon, ch. 4

    ·      Gager, ch. 2

    ·      PGM IV 296-466, IV 1716-1870, IV 2441-2621, IV 2891-2942, XXXII 1-19, XXXIIa 1-25, CXXII

    ·      Ogden 52, 76-81 (Deianeira), 197-213, 224-229 (iunx), 244, 248-255 (erotic amulets)

    ·      Supplementum Magicum nos. 46-51 (with PGM IV 296-466 and Gager # 27-29)

     

    Supplementary Readings:

    ·      Dickie, Who Practised Love Magic in Classical Antiquity?

    ·      Faraone, Ancient Greek Love Magic

    ·      LiDonnici, Burning For It

    ·      Pachoumi, Erotic and Separation Spells

    ·      Winkler, The Constraints of Eros - Magika Hiera, ch. 8

    ·      PGM IV 1390-1495, IV 1496-1595, IV 1870-1927, IV 1928-2000, IV 2000-2125, IV 2622-2707, IV 2708-2784, IV 2943-2966, VII 300a-310, VII 459-77, VII. 593-619, VII 862-918, XVI 1-75, XVIIa, XXXVI 69-101, XXXVI 102-33, XXXVI 134-160, XXXVI 187-210, XXXVI 295-311, XXXVI 333-360, XXXVI 361-371, CI, CVII, CVIII

  • Week V (February 17 & 19) Healing and Protection

    Topics:

    ·      defense against the dark arts

    ·      amulets and antidotes

    ·      repairing and healing

    ·      thanks before and after

     

    Readings:

    ·      Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon, ch. 5

    ·      Gager, ch. 7

    ·      PGM IV 2145-2240, IV. 3007-86, VII 193-221, (pdm) xiv. 554-626, XX,

    ·      Ogden 256-276, 13, 47

    ·      DDA Readings: Ephesia Grammata and other amulets

     

    Supplementary Readings:

    ·      Bonner, Studies in Magical Amulets

    ·      Gordon, The Healing Event in Graeco-Roman Folk-Medicine

    ·      Kotansky, Incantations and Prayers - Magika Hiera ch. 4

    ·      Scarborough, The Pharmacology of Sacred Plants- Magika Hiera, ch. 5

    ·      PGM IV 1596-1715, VII 260-71, VII 311-18, VII 579-90, XXIIA 1-27, XLIII 1-27, LXX, CXIV, CXV

    ·      Greek Magical Amulets nos. 2, 4, 7, 11, 13, 24, 27, 37, 46, 38

  • Week VI (February 24 & 26) Prayer and Magic

    Topics:

    ·      thanks before and after

    ·      supplication and coercion

    ·      relationships with divine powers

     

    Readings:

    ·      Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon, ch. 6

    ·      PGM I 262-347; III 494-611; IV 2241-2358; XII 14-95

    ·      Prayer handout

    ·      Ogden 233

     

    Supplementary Readings:

    ·      Depew, Reading Greek Prayers

    ·      Graf, Prayer in Magical and Religious Ritual - Magika Hiera, ch. 7

    ·      Mauss, The Gift

    ·      Tambiah, The Magical Power of Words

    ·      Versnel, The Poetics of the Magical Charm

    ·      Sallustius, On the Gods and the World

  • Week VII (March 3 & 5) The Portrait of a Magician

    Topics:

    ·      practitioners of magic, victims of magic

    ·      women and foreigners, weirdos and quacks

    ·      social context of depictions of magic

    ·      labelling the other vs. self-labelling

     

    Readings:

    ·      Graf, Literary Depictions of Magic

    ·      Lucian, Lover of Lies

    ·      Ogden 44-46, 55-107, 155, 157, 214-223

     

    Supplementary Readings:

    ·      Edmonds, Extraordinary People

    ·      Gordon, Innovation and Authority

    ·      Luck, Witches and sorcerers in classical literature

    ·      Pollard, Witch-Crafting in Roman Literature and Art

    ·      Spaeth, From Goddess to Hag

    ·      Stratton, Magic, Abjection, and Gender

    ·      Stratton, Naming the Witch 

  • Week VIII (March 10 &13) – Spring Break Take Home Midterm due before class Monday March 17

    • Midterm Examination File

      Download the exam when you are ready to take it, but you should spend time reviewing the readings and preparing your notes before you download the exam.

      Provide a commentary on the features of these two spells.  You should explain the context of the magic, the agent and the target, and the means by which the magic operates (i.e., all of the standard What, Who, Where/When, Why, and How questions we have explored for the readings).  You should make sure to analyze the dynamics of the interactions with the divine powers invoked, as well as the way the different components of the spell work within the overall structure.  Since the magical tradition in the Greco-Roman world operated by use of familiar elements complemented by competitive innovations, you should provide parallels for the features of these spells and their contexts from the examples in the readings, especially any voces magicae (magical words), deity names, or ritual actions that are part of the procedure.  You should use the comparisons and contrasts with the parallels to illustrate the meanings and functions of the common elements within these spells.  Parallels need not be exhaustive, but you should try to cite more than a single parallel for common features (3 or 4 examples is good; 6 or 8 is better; 15 or 16 is excessive).  The purpose of the assignment is for you to demonstrate your familiarity with and understanding of the primary texts and secondary interpretations we have studied.  While you should discuss the specific features and context of the spell in terms of the broader context of magical practices in the ancient Mediterranean world, please avoid vague and sweeping generalizations.  Please assume that your reader has a good general background in the subject of ancient magic but is perhaps excessively skeptical of any claims you might make about these particular spells.  Specific evidence and careful argumentation are the best ways to convince your audience.

      Your commentary should be about 6 pages of printed text, given a double-spaced document with reasonable font and margins (e.g., this document is Garamond 12 pt. with 1" margins).  Please proofread your papers carefully to ensure that they are free from annoying typographical, spelling, and grammatical errors.  You should cite the parallels according to the bibliographic form, abbreviations and conventions used in Gager.  Ancient primary texts should be cited by the number in the collection and line number (e.g. PGM XVI. 1-15 or Gager #13), whereas modern secondary material should be cited by page number (e.g., Graf, Magic in the Ancient World, pp. 13-22 or Graf 1997:13-22). 

      You may use any books or notes or other resources you have prepared, but please spend no more than around 3 hours on this exam.  The exam is due before class on Monday, March 17.  Any late assignments will be penalized by one grade for each 24 hour period they are late (including weekends).  Extensions are negotiable only if you discuss the situation with me no less than 24 hours in advance. 

  • Week IX (March 17 & 19) Divination

    Topics:

    ·      divination in society

    ·      magician and client

    ·      theories of divination

    ·      mechanics of divination

     

    Readings:

    ·      Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon, ch. 7

    ·      Turner, Divination as a phase in a social process

    ·      Luck, Divination texts (intro optional)

    ·      PGM I 262-347, IV 930-1114, IV 3209-3254, VII 348-358, VII 540-78, VII 740-55, VII 795-845, VIII 64-110

    ·      Ogden 144-155, 160, 164, 30, 36, 112

     

    Supplementary Readings:

    ·      Collins, Mapping the Entrails

    ·      Dillery, Chresmologues and Manteis

    ·      Gordon, Reporting the Marvellous

    ·      Graf, Magic and Divination

    ·      Manetti, Greek Divination

    ·      Struck, Divination and the History of Surplus Knowledge

    ·      PGM I 1-41, II 1-64 II 65-184, III 187-262, III 263-75, III 282-409, III 424-66, IV 3086-3124, V 172-212, VII 1-148, VII 319-34, VII 335-47, VII 359-69, VII 664-85, VII 703-726, VII 727-739, VII 1009-16.

    ·      Iamblichus, De Mysteriis III.11-22

    ·      Oracles of Astrampsychos

  • Week X (March 24 & 26) Astrology

    Topics:

    ·      astrology as divination

    ·      astrology as cosmology

    ·      astrology and society

     

    Readings:

    ·      Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon, ch. 8

    ·      Luck, Astrology  (#102-126)

    ·      Firmicus Maternus

    ·      Dorotheus Sidonius

    ·      Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos

    ·      Neugebauer, Greek Horoscopes

     

    Supplementary Readings:

    ·      Barton, Ancient Astrology, ch. 4 & 5

    ·      Plato, Timaeus 38e-39e

    ·      Beck, Brief History of Ancient Astrology (available in Tripod as Ebook)

    ·      Gordon, Quaedam Veritatis Umbrae

    ·      Gordon, Will My Child Have A Big Nose?

    ·      Greenbaum, Arrows, Aiming, and Divination

    ·      Greenbaum, Basic Techniques of Hellenistic Astrology

    ·      Konstan, Evidence from Divination

    ·      MacMullen, Social History in Astrology

    ·      Riley, Theoretical and Practical Astrology

    ·      Vettius Valens, Anthologia

     

    Astrology Assignment due at noon on Monday, April 7

    • Magic Readings Week 10 Folder
    • Handout 10 - Astrology File
      Students must
      Mark as done
    • Astrology Assignment File
    • Astrology Assignment FAQ File
      Students must
      Mark as done
    • Astrology Quiz

      Reviewing the readings in Luck, compare the cosmology and world view of the astrological authors (especially Manilius) with the readings from week 9 discussing other forms of divination (especially Plutarch & Iamblichus)
      BRING BOTH SETS OF READINGS TO CLASS

      Manilius vs Plotinus (vs Iamblichus)

      Manilius vs Ptolemy (vs Plutarch)

      Ptolemy vs Vettius Valens (vs Iamblichus)

      Vettius Valens vs Plotinus (vs Plutarch)

       

      Consider the issue of magic vs. religion for this form of divination. Also, is astrology a science?  Where are the boundaries drawn?  By whom? Prepare to post to Moodle after Wednesday’s discussion.

  • Week XI (March 31 & April 2) Alchemy

    Topics:

    ·      alchemy and cosmology

    ·      mechanics of alchemy

    ·      alchemy and science

     

    Readings:

    ·      Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon, ch. 9

    ·      Alchemy Readings

    ·      Zosimus, On Excellence

    ·      Zosimus, On the Letter Omega

    ·      Ogden 46

    ·      PGM XII 193-201

    ·      Jung, Visions of Zosimus

     

    Supplementary Readings:

    ·      Hershbell, Democritus and The Beginnings of Greek Alchemy

    ·      Martelli, The Alchemical Art of Dyeing

    ·      Stolzenberg, Unpropitious Tinctures

    ·      Taylor, A Survey of Greek Alchemy

    ·      Ps. Democritus Physika & Mystika

    ·      Synesius to Dioscorus on Democritus

    ·      Caley, The Leyden Papyrus X

    ·      Caley, The Stockholm Papyrus

  • Week XII (April 7 & 9) Theurgy

    Special Guest Lecture: April 10, 7pm in OL 224, Prof. Tommaso Ghezzani on “Death, Dream, and Magic: between medicine and psychology in Renaissance philosophy”

    Topics:

    ·      demonology, philosophy, and the soul

    ·      philosophy and magic

    ·      theories of theurgy

    ·      practical theurgy – means and ends

     

    Readings:

    ·      Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon, ch. 10

    ·      Mithras Liturgy (PGM IV.475-829)

    ·      8th Book of Moses (PGM XIII 1-343)

    ·      Iamblichus, On the Mysteries, Excerpts

    ·      Theurgy Readings

     

    Supplementary Readings:

    ·      Apuleius, On the God of Socrates

    ·      Plutarch, On the Genius of Socrates

    ·      Plutarch, On the Face in the Moon

    ·      Luck # 51, 59-63, 67-70

    ·      PGM XIII 344-645, 646-734, 735-1077

    ·      Iamblichus, On the Mysteries

    ·      Addey, Divine Inspiration, Possession and Contact with the Gods

    ·      Athanassiadi, Dreams, Theurgy and Freelance Divination

    ·      Edmonds, At the Seizure of the Moon

    ·      Haluszka, Sacred Signified

    ·      Johnston, Rising to the Occasion

    ·      Johnston, Animating Statues

    ·      Johnston, Magic and Theurgy

    ·      Luck, Theurgy and Forms of Worship in Neoplatonism 

    ·      Smith, J.Z., Towards Interpreting Demonic Powers

  • Week XIII (April 14 & 16) - Accusations of Magic

    Topics:

    ·      social context of accusations of magic

    ·      witchcraft and the law

     

    Readings:

    ·      Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon, ch. 11

    ·      Apuleius, Apology (ed. & intro by Hunink)

    ·      Ogden 278-300

     

    Supplementary Readings:

    ·      Bradley, Law, Magic, and Culture in the Apologia of Apuleius

    ·      Collins, Theoris of Lemnos and the Criminalization of Magic

    ·      Kippenberg, Magic in Roman Civil Discourse

    ·      Graf, Portrait of the Magician

    ·      Collins, Magic in Greek and Roman Law, Magic in the Ancient Greek World, Ch. 5

    ·      Phillips, Nullum Crimen Sine Lege, Magika Hiera, ch. 10

    ·      Rives, Legal Strategy and Learned Display

    ·      Rives, Magic in Roman Law

  • Week XIV (April 21 & 23) - The Magician’s Craft

    Topics:

    ·      magician as religious specialist

    ·      becoming a magician - the sorceror's apprentice

    ·      tools of the trade - books and materials

    ·      Greeks and Egyptians – social contexts, Thessalos of Trales

     

    Readings:

    ·      Graf, ch. 4

    ·      Moyer, Thessalos of Tralles

    ·      Ogden 13-19, 44, 45, 53, 54

    ·      PGM I 42-195, IV 26-51, IV 154-285, XIII 1-343

    ·      Thessalos, de virtutibus herbarum

     

    Supplementary Readings:

    ·      PGM I 1-42, IV 1-25, IV 52-85, XIII 344-645, 646-734, 735-1077

    ·      Apuleius, Metamorphoses (ch. 11)

    ·      Betz, Introductions

    ·      Brashear - ANRW, part I

    ·      Dosoo, Magical Discourses, Ritual Collections

    ·      Edmonds, And You Will Be Amazed

    ·      Frankfurter, Dynamics of Ritual Expertise

    ·      Moyer & Dieleman, Miniaturization and Opening of the Mouth

    ·      Ritner, Egyptian Magical Practice under the Roman Empire

    ·      Smith, J.Z., The Temple and the Magician

    ·      Smith, M. The 8th Book of Moses and How It Grew

  • Week XV (April 28 & 30) - Definitions and Theory

    Week XV (April 28 & 30) - Definitions and Theory

     

    Topics:

    ·      defining magic

    ·      magic and religion; magic and science

    ·      performative language and symbolic systems

    ·      conclusions

     

    Readings:

    ·      Smith, Trading Places

    ·      Tambiah, Form and Meaning of Magical Acts

    ·      Versnel, Some Reflections on the Relationship

     

    Supplementary Readings:

    ·      Aune, Magic in Early Christianity

    ·      Betz, Magic and Mystery – Magika Hiera ch. 9

    ·      Braarvig, Magic: Reconsidering the Grand Dichotomy

    ·      Collins, Nature, Cause, and Agency

    ·      Edmonds, Extra-Ordinary People

    ·      Fowler, Greek Magic, Greek Religion

    ·      Gordon, Aelian's Peony

    ·      Gordon, Imagining Greek and Roman Magic

    ·      Segal, Hellenistic Magic: Some Questions of Definition

    ·      Smith, Here, There, and Anywhere

    ·      Thomassen, Is Magic a Subclass of Ritual?

    Take home final exam due before noon on Friday, May 16 (5 pm, Saturday, May 9 for seniors)

  • Final Exam

    Take home final exam due before noon on Friday, May 16 (5 pm, Saturday, May 9 for seniors).

    • Bibliography of Readings File
    • Final Exam File
      Students must
      Mark as done

                  The Final Exam consists of two sections, the first dealing with the theurgic and related types of magic, the second with the underlying theoretical issues of definition and categorization.  Both sections ask you to comment upon texts, although the type of issues you should address in each section are different.  In each section, your commentary should be 3-5 pages of printed text, given a double-spaced document with reasonable font and margins (e.g., this document is Garamond 12 pt. with 1" margins).  Your completed final should therefore amount to 6-10 pages of printed text.  There is no time designation for this exam – it is not the equivalent of a self-scheduled, three hour session.  You should, however, prepare for this exam as you did for the midterm, by reviewing the primary materials and preparing notes on common features that you can cite in your commentaries. 

                  In both sets of commentaries, you should use the comparisons and contrasts with the parallels to illustrate the meanings and functions of the common elements within these spells.  Parallels need not be exhaustive, but you should try to cite more than a single parallel for common features.  The purpose of the assignment is for you to demonstrate your familiarity with and understanding of the primary texts and secondary interpretations we have studied.  While you should discuss the specific features and context of the spell in terms of the broader context of magical practices in the ancient Mediterranean world, please avoid vague and sweeping generalizations.  Please assume that your reader has a good general background in the subject of ancient magic but is perhaps excessively skeptical of any claims you might make about this particular spell.  Specific evidence and careful argumentation are the best ways to convince your audience.

                  Please proofread your papers carefully to ensure that they are free from annoying typographical, spelling, and grammatical errors.  You should cite the parallels according to the bibliographic form, abbreviations and conventions used in Gager. Ancient primary texts should be cited by the number in the collection and line number or book, chapter, and section numbers (e.g. PGM XVI. 1-15 or Iamblichus, De Mysteriis, VII.3), whereas modern secondary material should be cited by page number (e.g., Graf, Magic in the Ancient World, pp. 13-22 or Smith, J.Z., "Trading Places," p. 16).

                  Both parts of the final exam are due in my office no later than noon on Friday, May 16.  You should send the file via email (as .doc, docx, or. pdf), but please make sure that I have acknowledged receipt of the file before you consider it turned in.. Extensions in finals period are negotiable only through the Dean’s Office.